The Tense Markers

  Guide for Mixed Tense Exercises

Part 1: The Basics

 Learning the basics of forming a verb tense is usually easy, and so is using that tense by itself.  However, when the tenses are mixed together in grammar or writing, there can be a lot of confusion. 

Here are some tips to remember:

1.       Look for the use of time words.  A chart is given below.

2.       Remember the purpose(s) of each tense.

3.        Look at the context.   There may not be any time words in the sentence, but the surrounding sentences will give a clue as to what should come next. 

Tense	Time words	Exam
Present Indefinite	Always, Often, sometimes, daily,  generally, regularly, usually, normally, occasionally, frequently, every day, every month, every week, every year.	George jogs three miles every day.
		Mary always has salad for lunch.
		I sometimes go to New York C
Past Indefinite	Yesterday, ago, long ago, long since, last, last night, last week, last month, last  year, hours ago, as soon as, the day before yesterday,  once.	Tom went to Los Angeles yesterday.
		Charles Lindbergh flew to Paris in 1927
Future Indefinite	Tomorrow; next; next (day, month, week, year);  coming, ensuing; in the  days/years to come; years from now; this month, week, afternoon, year; someday	Mary will go to Hawaii in two weeks.
		Ed will drive to Toronto next Saturday.
		George will paint his house six days from now.
Present Continuous	Now; right now; at this moment; at this moment;  at this time; at present;  still; look(instant look); listen etc.  (Some verbs mean present indefinite as continuous.)	You are reading sentences about verb tenses right now.
		Many students are taking calculus this semester. He believes me now.
Future  Continuous	At this time tomorrow	At this time tomorrow, I will be cleaning my house.
Present Perfect	just, just now, yet, ever, already, recently, lately,  many times; For; since( to mean present perfect as present perfect continuous )	Sam has visited Hawaii many times.
		Paul has been here for six hours.
		Yoko has known Mary since 1994.
		I have already written a letter to the president
Present /Past/ Future+  Perfect  Continuous	For; since; how long.	Rita has been jogging for two hours. I have been reading since morning.

Tense	Time words	Examples
Past Continuous	at that moment,  at that time, then;  (two past connected with while, when, as)	I saw a snake while I was walking in the garden.
		I saw a snake while walking in the garden.
		I was reading then.
Past perfect	Comparatively earlier event between two past events.	The patient had died before the doctor came.
		The patient died after the doctor had come.
Future Perfect	by time, by this time, next time, by next time.	I will have done the by 2021.
Past Continuous	then, at that time, at that moment, while	Then I was swimming in the pond. I saw a bird while I was walking on the street.

Part 2: Time Clauses

Some verb tenses often work with time clauses. 

Sentences with time clauses have two parts:

1.       The clause with the time word

2.        The main clause

Remember the following tips:

Ø       The part with the time word is always dependent.  

Ø       Most time words work with more than one tense.

Ø       In the present, past, and future perfect progressive tenses, for is not always necessary, but it is frequently used. 

Ø       *Before and after do not require the use of the past perfect, but it is possible.

Time Clause Patterns

Time word	Time clause tense	Main clause tense	Examples
When	Past Continuous	Past Indefinite (short action)	While Anna was sleeping, a plane flew over her house.
		Past Continuous  (action at same time)	While George was frying fish, Rita was peeling potatoes.
	Present Continuous	Future Continuous	While Anna is working tomorrow, her sister will be painting the living room.
Before	Present Indefinite	future Indefinite	Before Karen leaves for work, she will roller-skate around her house three times.
	Past Indefinite	Past Indefinite   or past perfect*	Before Karen left for work, she (had) roller-skated around her house three times.
After	Present Indefinite	Simple future	After Karen takes her motorcycle to the mechanic, he will take a look at it.
	Past Indefinite or past perfect*	Past Indefinite	After Karen took [had taken] her motorcycle to the mechanic, she drove to work in a rented car.
When	Present Indefinite	Future Indefinite	When John finishes this semester, he will take a trip to France.
	Past Indefinite	Past  Indefinite	When the sun rose, John got up.
		Past progressive	When the pizza arrived, John was checking his e-mail.
		Past perfect	When John’s friend came to pick him up, he had already checked his answering machine for messages.
		Past perfect progressive	When John got home, his brother had been surfing the web for five hours.
Until	Simple present	Simple future	Until Mary finishes her scuba-diving course, she won’t take the advanced diving class.
	Simple past	Past perfect	Until Mary lost $50,000 in Las Vegas, she hadn’t realized that she had a gambling problem.
As soon as	Simple present	Simple future	As soon as I get home, I will take a nap.
	Simple past	Simple past	As soon as I got home, I took a nap.
Whenever	Simple present	Simple present	Whenever Sam goes to Canada, he always visits Niagara Falls.
The first time	Simple past	Simple past	The first time that Ingrid visited New York, she went to the Empire State Building.
The last time	Simple past	Simple past	The last time that Nancy played hockey, she scored three goals.
The next time	Simple present	Simple future	The next time I buy new sneakers, I will walk around in them first.
By the time	Simple present	Future perfect	By the time the plane arrives, we will have completed the crossword puzzle.
	Simple past	Past perfect	By the time John finished his essay, most of the class had left.
Since (time)	Simple past	Present perfect	Tom has been unhappy since his team lost the championship.

 

Part 3: Other Uses

                Some time words may go with more than one tense.    In this case, meaning and context become especially important.  The time given is relative to the present moment—it may be present, past, or future, depending on when the event happened, is happening, or will happen.   

The story below will demonstrate this.  Present time is in bold type, like this.   Future time is in italics, like this.  Past time is in normal type.

Theresa’s Day

                Today is Saturday.  Theresa had been sleeping for eight hours when the doorbell rang.  She got up to answer the door, but no one was there.  The sound of the doorbell had also woken up Maria, Theresa’s roommate.  Because neither of them could go back to sleep, they decided to have breakfast.  While Theresa was making breakfast, Maria was taking a shower.  While they were eating their breakfast, they heard a loud crash from outside.   They ran to the window and looked outside.  Their friend, Tom, had been skateboarding, but he had lost control of his skateboard and crashed into the garbage cans.  Theresa and Maria ran outside to see how Tom was.  He had a few scrapes and bruises, and he was wearing a banana peel and broken eggshells on his head.  Theresa and Maria gave him some antiseptic and bandages.  They wanted him to go to the nurse, but he said he was all right.

                After that, Theresa and Maria went back inside, finished their breakfast and watched a tape.     Now it is 12:00, and Theresa is eating lunch.   She is eating a salad.  Lately, she has been trying to eat more leafy green vegetables.  Everyone tells her this will make her healthier, but it’s not easy for her because it’s hard to for her to find leafy green vegetables that she likes.   She will be doing many things this afternoon and evening.  At 1:30, she will go to the swimming pool and swim some laps.  She practices swimming four times a week because she is on the swim team. She has been on the swim team for two years. When she finishes swimming, she will take a shower and get ready for her evening.  First, she will eat dinner at a Chinese restaurant.  Next, she plans to watch Citizen Kane with Maria, Tom, and Ed, Tom’s brother.  By the time the movie ends, they will have seen it sixteen times.  After the movie, they will go to a local dance club.  By midnight, they will have been dancing for three hours.  At 3 a.m., Theresa and Maria will come home and go to sleep.  Tomorrow will be less busy.

Theresa’s Day

Time	Main and non-time clause(s)	Time clause
12:00 a.m.-11:59 p.m.	Today is Saturday.
1 a.m-9 a.m.	Theresa had been sleeping for eight hours.
9 a.m.		(When) the doorbell rang.
9:01 a.m.	Theresa got out of bed to answer the door, but there was no one there.
9:15 a.m-9: 30 a.m.	She was making breakfast	(While) her roommate was taking a shower.
9:31 a.m.-9: 45 a.m.		(While) they were eating their breakfast
9:45 a.m.	They heard a loud crash from outside.
Before 9:45 a.m.	Their friend, Tom, had been skateboarding
9:45 a.m.	(But) he had lost control of his skateboard and crashed into the garbage cans.
9:46:00 a.m.	They ran to the window and looked outside.
9:46:30 a.m.	Theresa and Maria ran outside to see how Tom was.
9:47 a.m.	He had a few scrapes and bruises, and he was wearing a banana peel and broken eggshells on his head.
9:50 a.m.	Theresa and Maria gave him some antiseptic and bandages.
9:55 a.m.	They wanted him to go to the nurse, but he said he was all right.
10:00-11:59	After that, Theresa and Maria went back inside, finished their breakfast, and watched a tape.
12 p.m.	Theresa is eating lunch.
	She is eating a salad.
Before now and up to the present moment	Lately, she has been trying to eat more leafy green vegetables.
General truth with a future prediction	Everyone tells her this will make her healthier, but it’s not easy for her because it’s hard for her to find leafy green vegetables that she likes.
1 p.m. – 12 a.m.	She will be doing many things this afternoon and evening.
1:30 p.m.	At 1:30, she will go to the swimming pool and swim some laps.
Habit	She practices swimming four times a week because she is on the swim team.
Situation that began in the past and continues to the present moment	She has been on the swim team for two years.
3:00-4:30 p.m.	She will take a shower and get ready for her evening	(when) she finishes swimming
6:00 p.m.	She will eat dinner at a Chinese restaurant.
7:00-8:30	She plans to watch Citizen Kane with Maria, Tom, and Ed, Tom’s brother.
	They will have seen the movie sixteen times	(by the time) it ends.
9:00	They will go to a local dance club.
12 a.m.	By midnight, they will have been dancing for three hours.
3 a.m.	Theresa and Maria will come home and go to sleep.
Tomorrow	Tomorrow will be less busy.